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Chapter 6 - Management of Septicaemia and Septic Shock Antepartum, Intrapartum and Postpartum
- from Section 2 - Algorithms for Management of the Top Five ‘Direct Killers’
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
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- 06 May 2021
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- 03 June 2021, pp 43-46
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Summary
The incidence of sepsis death is 4.7 per 10 000 maternities.
For each maternal sepsis death, approximately 50 women have life-threatening morbidity from sepsis. The rapid progression to severe sepsis highlights the importance of following the international Surviving Sepsis Campaign guideline of early administration of high-dose intravenous antibiotics within 1 hour of admission to hospital for anyone with suspected sepsis.
Signs of severe sepsis in peripartum women, particularly with confirmed or suspected group A streptococcal infection, should be regarded as an obstetric emergency.
Sepsis remains an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.
Chapter 32 - General Anaesthesia and Failed Intubation
- from Section 6 - Anaesthetic Emergencies During Pregnancy
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
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- 06 May 2021
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- 03 June 2021, pp 231-238
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Summary
Key Implications
The Problem of Success and Failure in Public-private Innovation Partnerships
- JONATHAN HAMMOND, SIMON BAILEY, OZ GORE, KATH CHECKLAND, SARAH DARLEY, RUTH MCDONALD, THOMAS BLAKEMAN
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- Journal of Social Policy / Volume 51 / Issue 4 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 March 2021, pp. 771-791
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- October 2022
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Public-Private Innovation Partnerships (PPIPs) are increasingly used as a tool for addressing ‘wicked’ public sector challenges. ‘Innovation’ is, however, frequently treated as a ‘magic’ concept: used unreflexively, taken to be axiomatically ‘good’, and left undefined within policy programmes. Using McConnell’s framework of policy success and failure and a case study of a multi-level PPIP in the English health service (NHS Test Beds), this paper critically explores the implications of the mobilisation of innovation in PPIP policy and practice. We highlight how the interplay between levels (macro/micro and policy maker/recipient) can shape both emerging policies and their prospects for success or failure. The paper contributes to an understanding of PPIP success and failure by extending McConnell’s framework to explore inter-level effects between policy and innovation project, and demonstrating how the success of PPIP policy cannot be understood without recognising the particular political effects of ‘innovation’ on formulation and implementation.
Measured weight in early pregnancy is a valid method for estimating pre-pregnancy weight
- Hazel Inskip, Sarah Crozier, Janis Baird, Julia Hammond, Sian Robinson, Cyrus Cooper, Keith Godfrey, the Southampton Women’s Survey Study Group
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- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / August 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 October 2020, pp. 561-569
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Estimation of pre-pregnancy weight is difficult because measurements taken before pregnancy are rarely available. No studies have compared various ‘proxy’ measures using recalled weight or based on early pregnancy weight with actual measurements of pre-pregnancy weight. The Southampton Women’s Survey recruited women during 1998–2002 who were not pregnant. Data on 198 women with an estimated date of conception within 3 months of recruitment were analysed. Three proxy measures were considered: (1) recalled pre-pregnancy weight obtained during early pregnancy, (2) measured weight in early pregnancy and (3) estimated pre-pregnancy weight using a published model. Mean (standard deviation) recalled weight was 1.65 (3.03) kg lighter than measured pre-pregnancy weight, while early pregnancy weight and weights from the published model were 0.88 (2.34) and 0.88 (2.33) kg heavier, respectively. The Bland–Altman limits of agreement for recalled weight were −7.59 to 4.29 kg, wider than those for the early pregnancy weight: −3.71 to 5.47 kg and the published model: −3.68 to 5.45 kg. For estimating pre-pregnancy weight, we recommend subtraction of 0.88 kg from early pregnancy weight or the published model, or addition of 1.65 kg to recalled weight. Estimates of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain categories were very similar when using early pregnancy and published model weights, but they differed from those using recalled weight. Our findings indicate that calculations of first trimester weight gain using recalled weight must be treated cautiously, and a measured weight in early pregnancy provides a more precise assessment of pre-pregnancy weight than recalled weight.
Everything Old is New Again
- Anita Florendo-Cumbermack, Dan Selchen, Sarah A. Morrow, Manas Sharma, David Steven, Lee C. Ang, Courtney Casserly, Jorge Burneo, Marcelo Kremenchutzky, Robert Hammond
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 43 / Issue 1 / January 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 November 2015, pp. 213-218
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AZT Myopathy and HIV-1 Polymyositis: One Disease or Two?
- Kimberley Walsh, Kathy Kaye, Bart Demaerschalk, Sarah Stewart, Jeff Crukley, Robert Hammond
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 29 / Issue 4 / November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2014, pp. 390-393
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Purpose:
This paper discusses the association between inflammatory and mitochondrial pathologies in patients with HIV-1/AIDS treated with zidovudine (AZT).
Methods:We present the clinical and pathological details of a 52-year-old HIV-1 positive male who presented with progressive muscle weakness. We also review the current literature and address the debated pathogenesis of the inflammatory pathology.
Results:Muscle biopsy revealed evidence of both HIV-1 polymyositis and AZT myopathy. Six months after initiation of corticosteroid therapy and discontinuation of AZT, the patient’s symptoms had greatly improved. The biopsy was repeated to show that both pathologies had resolved.
Conclusion:The perceived overlap in the pathological spectra of HIV-1 polymyositis and AZT myopathy has produced some debate on causation and treatment. Unfortunately, there have been very few reports where a repeat biopsy following a drug washout period confirmed resolution of the pathology. Furthermore, affected patients have not been treated in a uniform fashion. Whether this represents one disease or two remains uncertain. The clinical relevance of this issue lies in the potential for harm from the unnecessary use of corticosteroids. This question may be best addressed by a randomized clinical trial.
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, risk factors and management strategies
- Valeria Frighi, Alireza Morovat, Matthew T. Stephenson, Sarah J. White, Christina V. Hammond, Guy M. Goodwin
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 205 / Issue 6 / December 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 458-464
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- December 2014
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Background
People with intellectual disabilities have a high risk of osteoporosis and fractures, which could partly be as a result of vitamin D deficiency.
AimsTo compare the serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of 155 patients with intellectual disabilities under psychiatric care and 192 controls, investigate potential risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in people with intellectual disabilities and assess available treatments.
MethodCross-sectional observational study followed by treatment evaluation.
ResultsAlmost twice as many patients with intellectual disabilities had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <50 nmol/l) compared with controls (77.3% v. 39.6%, P<0.0001). In the intellectual disabilities group, winter season (P<0.0001), dark skin pigmentation (P<0.0001), impaired mobility (P = 0.002) and obesity (P = 0.001) were independently associated with lower serum 25(OH)D. In most patients, 800 IU colecalciferol daily normalised 25(OH)D levels.
ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in people with intellectual disabilities, partly because of insufficient exposure to sunlight. Screening and treatment strategies, aiming to reduce these patients' high fracture risk, should be introduced. Similar strategies may be required in other psychiatric populations at risk for fractures and with a tendency to spend excessive time indoors.
31 - General anaesthesia and failed intubation
- from Section 6 - Anaesthetic Emergencies. Section Editor: Anthony Addei
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
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- 05 November 2012
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- 11 October 2012, pp 214-220
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Summary
Shoulder dystocia occurs when the baby's head has been born but a shoulder becomes stuck behind the mother's pelvic bone, resulting in a delivery that requires additional obstetric manoeuvres to release the shoulder after gentle downward traction has failed. Failure of external rotation of the fetal head and turtle sign, the retraction of the fetal head into the vagina from the perineum, are the key diagnostic signs. First line manoeuvres (SPR) and second line manoeuvres are carried out to manage shoulder dystocia. If facilities for safe and immediate emergency caesarean sections are not available, then clinicians should be trained on symphysiotomy as the main second-line measure. A metal catheter, scalpel handle and blade and suitable local anaesthetic should be made available in birth settings. All staff providing intrapartum care should undergo annual skills and drills training on the management of shoulder dystocia.
Contributors
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- By Osama Abu-Ghazza, Anthony Addei, Karolina Afors, Nilesh Agarwal, Hiran Amarasekera, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Cheron Bailey, Amarnath Bhide, Edwin Chandraharan, Hlupekile Chipeta, Lorraine Cleghorn, Kirsty Crocker, Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Michael Egbor, Emma Evans, Inidika Gawarammana, Malik Goonewardene, Siromi Gunaratne, Kapila Gunawardane, Sarah Hammond, Richard Hartopp, Adnan Hasan, Alexander Heazell, Lucy Higgins, Polly Hughes, Rehana Iqbal, Priyantha Kandanearachchi, Lakshman Karalliedde, Nigel Kennea, Andrew Kent, Julia Kopeika, Archana Krishna, Anay Kulkarni, Nicola Lack, Tahir A. Mahmood, Jessica Moore, Vivek Nama, Anomi Panditharatne, Tim Patel, Leonie Penna, Chitra Ramanathan, M. F. M. Rameez, Probhodana Ranaweera, Justin Richards, Mohamed Rishard, Hemantha Senanayake, Hassan Shehata, Manilka Sumanatilleke, Vikram Sinai Talaulikar, Derek Tuffnell, Austin Ugwumadu, Ingrid Watt-Coote, Deepal S. Weerasekera, Renate Wendler, Christina Wood, Niraj Yanamandra
- Edited by Edwin Chandraharan, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
- Published online:
- 05 November 2012
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- 11 October 2012, pp ix-xii
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Safety of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disability
- Valeria Frighi, Matthew T. Stephenson, Alireza Morovat, Iain E. Jolley, Marialena Trivella, Christina A. Dudley, Ezhil Anand, Sarah J. White, Christina V. Hammond, Rena A. Hockney, Beryl Barrow, Rehana Shakir, Guy M. Goodwin
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 199 / Issue 4 / October 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 289-295
- Print publication:
- October 2011
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Background
Despite frequent use, little is known about the metabolic and endocrine side-effects of antipsychotics in individuals with intellectual disability.
AimsTo compare indices of obesity, glucose, lipids and prolactin between antipsychotic-treated and antipsychotic-naive individuals with intellectual disability and also between participants with intellectual disability and controls from the general population.
MethodObservational study comparing 138 antipsychotic-treated and 64 antipsychotic-naive participants with intellectual disability in one National Health Service trust with general population controls.
ResultsAntipsychotic treatment comprised: risperidone 48%, olanzapine 18%, thioxanthenes 10%, other 24%; monotherapy 95% of participants; mean treatment duration 8 years; median daily chlorpromazine equivalent dose 108mg (range 16–667). Metabolic indices were the same or more favourable in the intellectual disability group than the general population control group but overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes were more prevalent in the women in the intellectual disability group than the control group. Metabolic indices were similar, statistically or clinically, between the antipsychotic-treated and the antipsychotic-naive groups but there was a non-significant trend towards a higher rate of type 2 diabetes in the antipsychotic group. A total of 100% and 70% of participants on amisulpride/sulpiride and risperidone respectively had hyperprolactinaemia, with secondary hypogonadism in 77% and 4% of affected women and men.
ConclusionsAntipsychotics, on average, did not increase metabolic risk, although the existence of a susceptible subgroup at risk of diabetes cannot be excluded. Some antipsychotics induced hyperprolactinaemic hypogonadism, requiring active management. However, our findings suggest that antipsychotics at the low doses routinely prescribed for people with intellectual disability are generally safe in relation to metabolic adverse effects, even if efficacy remains poorly defined.
“God Is My Partner”: An Evangelical Business Man Confronts Depression and War
- Sarah R. Hammond
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- Journal:
- Church History / Volume 80 / Issue 3 / September 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 September 2011, pp. 498-519
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- September 2011
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“‘God Is My Partner’: An Evangelical Business Man Confronts Depression and War” chronicles the early career of R. G. LeTourneau, an industrialist and lay preacher whose life challenges the historiography of mid-twentieth-century fundamentalism as apolitical and otherworldly. In the 1930s and 1940s, every businessman had to grapple with the expanding federal state under the New Deal and in World War II. LeTourneau exemplified theologically conservative evangelical resourcefulness under changing political and economic conditions. Born in 1888 to a Plymouth Brethren family, his cultural memory reached back to the evangelical business activism of the nineteenth century, while his future lay in the fundamentalist subculture that the Brethren did much to create. However, as a businessman, LeTourneau had little patience with doctrines dividing “the world” from the church. He integrated evangelicalism into his manufacturing and managerial roles, and pushed fundamentalist clergy to tap laymen's proselytizing energy. Between 1930 and 1943, the years on which this article focuses, LeTourneau attacked dilemmas that preoccupied other evangelical business men: higher taxes, greater regulation, a forceful labor movement, and the challenge, as he saw it, to uphold the gospel and private enterprise against communist subversion. Business men such as LeTourneau represented the front line of what scholars have too often dismissed as trivial: evangelical politics during the New Deal.
Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review
- Sarah Campos, Juliana Doxey, David Hammond
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 14 / Issue 8 / 29 June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2011, pp. 1496-1506
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Objective
To review research on consumer use and understanding of nutrition labels, as well as the impact of labelling on dietary habits.
DesignA systematic review was conducted by searching electronic databases. Relevant articles were screened by two reviewers and included if they met inclusion criteria, including eight methodological criteria. A total of 120 articles were included in the review, including cross-sectional surveys (n 96), experimental designs (n 17), ‘natural experiments’ (n 7) and longitudinal population-based surveys (n 2).
SettingArticles covered seven jurisdictions: USA (n 88), Europe (n 12), Canada (n 9), Australia and New Zealand (n 4), Norway (n 2), Thailand (n 1) and Trinidad (n 1).
SubjectsParticipants were from a wide range of age groups, socio-economic strata and geographical regions.
ResultsNutrition labels on pre-packaged foods are among the most prominent sources of nutrition information. Nutrition labels are perceived as a highly credible source of information and many consumers use nutrition labels to guide their selection of food products. Evidence also shows a consistent link between the use of nutrition labels and healthier diets. However, the use of labels varies considerably across subgroups, with lower use among children, adolescents and older adults who are obese. Research also highlights challenges in terms of consumer understanding and appropriate use of labelling information.
ConclusionsNutrition labels on pre-packaged foods are a cost-effective population-level intervention with unparalleled reach. However, to capitalize on their potential, governments will need to explore new formats and different types of information content to ensure that nutrition information is accessible and understandable.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Chapter 4 - Molecular Cell Biology
- from Section 1 - Principles Of Cellular And Molecular Biology
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- By Natalie A Whalley, PhD, lectures in the Division of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand., Sarah Walters, BSc (Hons), MSc (Med) (Genetic Counselling), worked as a genetic counsellor in the Division of Human Genetics, University of the Witwatersrand, from 2001 to 2007. In 2007 she became Honorary Treasurer of the Southern African Inherited Disorders Association and began setting up the Birth Defects and Disabilities Foundation (BDDF). She is currently coordinator of the BDDF and programme director of the Medical Genetics Education Programme for registered nurses., Kate Hammond, BSc (Hons), MT, PhD, is Professor of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand.
- Edited by Barry Mendelow, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Michèle Ramsay, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Nanthakumarn Chetty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wendy Stevens, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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- Molecular Medicine for Clinicians
- Published by:
- Wits University Press
- Published online:
- 04 June 2019
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- 01 October 2008, pp 37-49
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The cell is a dynamic system – a vast array of inter acting molecules forming complex metabolic networks in continuous motion. Proteins are the active molecules transforming the information encoded in genomic DNA into function, enabling and regulating cell life – division, differentiation, communication – and death.
The complement of proteins within a cell at any given time may exceed 400 000. These molecules have many diverse roles. They may be extracellular messengers, such as hormones or growth factors, they may be ion channels or membrane receptors for hormones, growth factors or neurotransmitters, they may function as enzymes or response elements within the cell, or they may be regulators of nuclear transcription. In medicine, most of the differences between tissues in health and disease are seen at the protein level.
In this chapter, we will focus on the cell cycle, cell division and differentiation, and programmed cell death or apoptosis. We will explore the cellular communication networks that regulate these processes and consider the actions of certain of the proteins involved in the systems. But first, because it is such an important mechanism in the control of cellular activity, we begin with a brief discussion of protein phosphorylation.
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION
The presence of phosphate in protein molecules was known more than a century ago but only in the 1950s, as a result of independent studies of Sutherland and co-workers and Fischer and Krebs, was its vital functional importance recognised. Since that time, more and more phosphate-containing proteins, protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases continued to be identified at an everincreasing rate.
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins influences virtually all cellular functions and is an essential mechanism in the control of life processes. Many proteins are activated or inactivated by the simple transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another. Some proteins are activated by phosphorylation while others are inactivated.
Keeping information alive: resource centres for district level health workers in Tanzania
- Sarah Hammond, Victoria Richardson
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- Journal:
- African Research and Documentation / Volume 93 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2022, pp. 19-21
- Print publication:
- 2003
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Healthlink Worldwide is an international NGO (www.healthlink.org.uk), working with partners in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America to improve the use and impact of health information and health communications in poor and vulnerable communities. Over the last twenty-five years, Healthlink Worldwide has developed expertise in resource centre development, which is now co-ordinated through Source (www.asksource.info). A collaborative venture of Healthlink Worldwide, the Centre for International Child Health and Handicap International, Source is an international information support centre designed to strengthen the management, use and impact of information on health and disability.
The Source model brings together good practice in information management, capacity development in partnership with organisations in developing countries, and a unique collection of resources and integrated methods for communication around health. Source identifies, reviews, and signposts materials produced by, or appropriate to, developing country users, particularly ‘good practice’ in the field, and reflects the priorities of developing country information needs in its services and systems.
Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial
- C. Bernard Gesch, Sean M. Hammond, Sarah E. Hampson, Anita Eves, Martin J. Crowder
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 181 / Issue 1 / July 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 22-28
- Print publication:
- July 2002
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Background
There is evidence that offenders consume diets lacking in essential nutrients and this could adversely affect their behaviour.
AimsTo test empirically if physiologically adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids cause a reduction in antisocial behaviour.
MethodExperimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of nutritional supplements on 231 young adult prisoners, comparing disciplinary offences before and during supplementation.
ResultsCompared with placebos, those receiving the active capsules committed an average of 26.3% (95% CI 8.3-44.33%) fewer offences (P=0.03, two-tailed). Compared to baseline, the effect on those taking active supplements for a minimum of 2 weeks (n=172) was an average 35.1% (95% CI 16.3-53.9%) reduction of offences (P < 0.001, two-tailed), whereas placebos remained within standard error.
ConclusionsAntisocial behaviour in prisons, including violence, are reduced by vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids with similar implications for those eating poor diets in the community.